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Photo © A History of New York in 101 Objects
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The Artichoke : The fruits of organized crime - Cynara scolymus, aka the artichoke, is native to the Mediterranean, So was Ciro Terranova. Long before ordinary New Yorkers had ever heard of the Black Hand or the Mafia, Terranova had imported the latest incarnation of ethnic crime from Corleone in Sicily. Terranova-the name itself suggesting a hearty transplant-also imported artichokes, an original staple in minestrone soup, from California. Headquartered in East Harlem, then an Italian enclave, he cornered the market, terrorized merchants into carrying his produce, and earned the sobriquet "The Artichoke King."In New York and other big cities, homegrown organized crime typically was accompanied by an ethnic dimension--beginning with nativist gangs and later encompassing virtually every immigrant group, each of which imposed its own distinctive cast. Irish and Jewish gangs proliferated in their respective ghettos, supplanted- as the sons and grandsons of gangsters graduated into medicine and law and Wall Street and moved to the suburbs--by blacks, Puerto Ricans, Asians, Colombians, and Russians.Virtually no group was exempt from the curse of criminality, but none captured the public's imagination more than the Italians (they had the best nicknames). It would take Fiorello La Guardia, an Italian-American (and part Jewish) mayor-so sensitive about stereotypes that he banned organ grinders and their monkeys from the city-to challenge their stranglehold over immigrant neighborhoods and entire industries.Terranova was larger than life, almost literally. He was the sole survivor of a trio of racketeer siblings (the other two had been gunned down) and the step-brother of Giuseppe "Clutch Hand" Morello. He was the father of ten children; moved them into a million-dollar home (in today's dollars) on Peace Street in Pelham, just across the Westchester border; and drove an armored limousine. He also figured in the unsolved robbery of a testimonial dinner he was attending on behalf of a Bronx magistrate. The dinner triggered sweeping investigations into the judiciary by Samuel Seabury, a descendant of the first Episcopal bishop in America. Seabury's crusading commission forced the resignation of Mayor James J. Walker and laid the political ground work for the election of La Guardia.Introduced by the blare of uniformed police buglers, La Guardia went to the heart of the matter in 1935. He banned the sale, display, and possession of artichokes in New York City in an attempt to topple Terranova's empire. "There is only one way of breaking a racket," he declared, "and that is either to remove the source or remove the individuals from the scene of operations. In the retail markets we removed the individuals. In the wholesale traffic of the commodity we are going to remove the source."Terranova might also have been the only person threatened with arrest if he ventured into the city. La Guardia exiled him to Westchester. The threat was fulfilled when he was charged with vagrancy in 1937. He died at age forty-nine, supposedly penniless, after a stroke.
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Photo © A History of New York in 101 Objects
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The 1st recorded murder in New York - 1609 - "Typically, about half the homicides in New York City are solved within the first year. This one has remained a bit of a mystery for four centuries.The victim was John Colman, an Englishman, accomplished sailor, and second mate aboard the Half Moon (Halve Maen) in 1609, as Henry Hudson explored the harbor and Upper Bay. It is the first recorded murder in New York.The only existing account of the crime was gleaned from eyewitnesses by Robert Juet, aka Jouet, Hudson's first mate. After morning prayers on September 6, four crew members accompanied Colman in a sixteen-foot shallop on a reconnaissance mission from the Half Moon, anchored between Coney Island and Sandy Hook. They surveyed lands "as pleasant with grass and flowers and goodly trees as ever they had seen, and very sweet smells came from them." They sailed about six miles, possibly to Kill Van Kull, Newark Bay, or even farther north to Upper New York Bay, where they "saw an open sea.Upon returning toward nightfall, "they were set upon by two canoes," one with twelve men and the other with fourteen. Colman was "slain in the fight," Juet wrote in his log, "with an arrow shot into his throat and two more hurt." (His chest may have been sheathed in armor, but he was struck in the neck by a stone arrow-head and bled to death.) The survivors drifted in the dark, their light having gone out in the rain (which also left them unable to ignite a small cannon, although they may have routed the marauders with musket fire). They returned to their ship by ten the next morning with the dead man, "whom we carried on land and buried and named the point" - probably some spot in Coney Island, Staten Island, Sandy Hook, or Keansburg, New Jersey (where a Colman's Point still exists)- “after his name.”Modern detectives say the perfunctory investigation, if not details of the murder itself, were suspect. The only account of the crime is secondhand, pieced together from a few witnesses among a largely Dutch crew, some of whom might have harbored a grudge against the Englishman. (Colman, in a letter to his wife, contemptuously wrote of the Dutch men: "Looking at their fat bellies, I fear they think more highly of eating than of sailing.")Colman had served Hudson as a trusted boatswain on an earlier voyage, but Juet was described by Hudson himself as mean-tempered, and later led a mutiny against the captain. Colman's body was hastily buried and has never been found. The arrow was recovered but vanished. The chief suspects were singled out because of racial profiling but were never questioned. No one was ever prosecuted. Just two days after the murder, Juet recounted, natives boarded the Half Moon to trade while the crew kept a careful watch to "see if they would show any sign of the death of our man, which they did not" (suggesting that they were either innocent or duplicitous or that the killers had come from a different tribe).The murder is memorialized in a mural in the Hudson County Courthouse in Jersey City and in a poem by Thomas Frost that hinted at Colman's disdain for the crew:"What! are ye cravens?" Colman said;For each had shipped his oar.He waved the flag: "For Netherland,Pull for yon jutting shore!"Then prone he fell within the boat,A flinthead arrow through his throat!
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