 The interior of this 19th-century library and museum remains intact and retains its original stained-glass windows and furnishings. 

Brooklyn Historical Society

Brooklyn Historical Society (Long Island Historical Society)

Its first permanent headquarters was 1 Hanover Square (later known as India House) in New York City. The NYCE moved to 1 Hanover Square on May 4, 1872.

1885 building, Beaver &amp; William Streets, designed by George B. Post;&nbsp;

The Beaver &amp; William Streets structure was demolished in 1922 to make way for another structure for the NYCE.

New York Cotton Exchange

 Potter erected a five-story Italianate stone building on the lot for $350,000 (equivalent to $10 million in 2020); it became the first headquarters of the New York World, which was established in 1860. Potter purchased the building outright in 1867. 

As evidence of just how important Newspaper Row was at the time, The New York World Building was the first building in the city to surpass the height of Trinity Church. Furthermore, it was the world&rsquo;s tallest building from 1890 to 1894. The 309-foot, 16-story building at 99 Park Row was capped by a copper dome and inside Joseph Pulitzer had his office. The semi-circular office had three windows with unobstructed views out to Brooklyn, Governor&rsquo;s Island, and Long Island, ceiling frescoes and embossed leather lining the walls. Also in the dome was another office for Pulitzer&rsquo;s brother-in-law, a library and a conference room. Unsurprisingly, The New York World heralded its own building as &ldquo;The Greatest Newspaper Building in the World.&rdquo; The New York World Building would be demolished in 1955 to accommodate ramp expansion at the Brooklyn Bridge. The stained glass window which was once above the entrance is now in the Columbia University School of Journalism. The New York Sun was next door and was dwarfed by the new building. Charles Dana, head of the Sun who had lost public favor due to his conservatism and anti-Semitism, criticized The New York World Building for looking like a large brass head tack. A 1904 guidebook notes the Sun Building as being the former home of the Tammany Society and was a building &ldquo;of no architectural pretensions.&rdquo; George B. Post designed the steel-frame building, with an exterior of sandstone, brick and terra-cotta. The entire thing was paid for in cash. The newspapers were printed in the basement printing press, with retail on the first and mezzanine floors. The news offices were on the top six floors, with commercial office space rented to other tenants below. According to the book Pulitzer: A Life by Denis Brian, Pulitzer furnished bedrooms on the 11th floor for editors and reporters who worked late and couldn&rsquo;t get home. At the opening celebration, an explosion caused by a photographer&rsquo;s flash powder caused a big stone to fall from City Hall and broke around fifty windows in city&rsquo;s political home.

In commissioning the controversial World Building, Joseph Pulitzer hoped to assert his paper’s dominance in American journalism. George B. Post’s design stood out not only for its imposing height (it was the tallest building in NYC to date), but also for its colorful façade and iconic dome.<a href="https://culturenow.org/people/the-skyscraper-museum?name=The_Skyscraper_Museum">[1]</a>Tallest building in the world in 1890, the headquarters for Joseph Pulitzer's World stretched 309 feet to its gold dome. Architect George B. Post used a hybrid "cage" system common in New York which used steel framing to support the interior structure and exterior masonry walls with metal columns embedded to carry floor loads.<a href="https://culturenow.org/people/the-skyscraper-museum?name=The_Skyscraper_Museum">[2]</a>&nbsp;

Space now occupied by the Potter Building

New York World Building 

World Building

New York World Building

Equitable Life Assurance Building, also known as the Equitable Life Building, was made of brick, granite, and iron, and was originally built with seven above-ground stories and two basement levels, with a height of at least 130 feet. An expansion in 1885 brought the total height to 155 feet and nine stories.It was the world's first office building to feature passenger elevators and consequently became successful attracting tenants. The Equitable Life Building was expanded numerous times; after the construction of annexes during the late 1880s, the building occupied its entire block, bounded by Broadway and Cedar, Pine and Nassau streets.

 While touted as fireproof, the Equitable Life Building burned down in a 1912 fire that killed six people. 

Often included, along with the Tribune and Western Union buildings, in the trio called "New York's first skyscrapers," the first headquarters of the Equitable Life Assurance Society was a seven-story building. The upper-floor offices were leased at high rents because the building was the first in the city to include elevators–two "vertical steam cars" that rose in 130-foot shafts.<a href="https://culturenow.org/people/the-skyscraper-museum?name=The_Skyscraper_Museum">[1]</a>.&nbsp;The skyscraper was designed in the neoclassical style. It is 555 feet tall, with 38 stories and 1.2 million square feet of floor space. Designed without setbacks, the building's articulation consists of three horizontal sections - a base, shaft, and capital.At its construction, the world's largest building. Public outcry over its bulk caused New York City to establish its first zoning law in 1916.The Equitable Building replaced the Equitable Life Building, the previous headquarters of the Equitable Life Insurance Company, which burned down in 1912. Upon opening, it was the largest office building in the world by floor area. The Equitable Building hosted a variety of tenants and, by the 1920s, was the most valuable building in New York City. The Equitable Life Insurance Company, the building's namesake, occupied a small portion of the building until it moved out during 1960.

&amp;nbsp;Designed without setbacks, the building's articulation consists of three horizontal sections - a base, shaft, and capital.  

Public outcry over its bulk caused New York City to establish its first zoning law in 1916.  

The sculptor John Quincy Adams Ward was hired to produce Protection, a group of statues for the facade of the Equitable Life Building. Ward carved a group that resembled a vignette used on Equitable's insurance policies. Because of defects in the first carving, Ward commissioned a second carving weighing 10 short tons, which was made from one block of marble. The final carving depicted a goddess protecting a widow. This sculptural group was carved in Italy and was unveiled when Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia traveled to the United States in 1871. Badly corroded by rain, it was removed in 1886&ndash;1887. The heads survived removal and passed through various owners. Ward's statue commemorating Hyde was unveiled in 1901. It was placed in the building's corridor.The statue survived the fire that burned down the building. Other statues lined the other halls and stairs in the building. The Herter Brothers mosaic in the lobby was described as being "the largest in America" when it was completed in 1887. The mural was composed of a draped woman with two draped children, flanked by nude figures of Greek warriors.

Before the structure's completion, there were three elevators in the city&amp;mdash;one each at the Astor House, the Fifth Avenue Hotel, and a private apartment building; office building heights had never exceeded four stories.  

Equitable Building

The building was purchased by Pace University in 1951. The above-ground stories were turned into classrooms and offices, while the basement was turned into a gym. The first floor became the Pace University bookstore and lobby and was converted to an art gallery and student commons between 2017 and 2019. Pace also installed a plaque outside the building in 1959 to honor the Times's usage of the building.Pace is carrying on the legacy of the building today, by housing the campus' student newspaper The Pace Press, as well as student organization offices.

The building is the oldest surviving structure of the former "Newspaper Row", and has been owned by and currently houses classrooms and offices of Pace University since 1951. 41 Park Row contains a facade of Maine granite at its lowest two stories, above which are rusticated blocks of Indiana Limestone. Vertical piers on the facade highlight the building's vertical axis. The facade also contains details such as reliefs, moldings, and colonettes. When completed, the building was 13 stories and contained a mansard roof; the roof was removed as part of a later expansion that brought the building to 16 stories.The newspaper's first building was located at 113 Nassau Street in New York City. In 1854, it moved to 138 Nassau Street, and in 1858 to 41 Park Row, making it the first newspaper in New York City housed in a building built specifically for its use.The newspaper moved its headquarters to the Times Tower, located at 1475 Broadway in 1904, in an area then called Longacre Square, that was later renamed Times Square the newspaper's honor. The top of the building &ndash; now known as One Times Square &ndash; is the site of the New Year's Eve tradition of lowering a lighted ball, which was begun by the paper. The building is also known for its electronic news ticker &ndash; popularly known as "The Zipper" &ndash; where headlines crawl around the outside of the building. It is still in use but has been operated by Dow Jones &amp; Company since 1995.

replacing two previous quarters that it had occupied since its 1851 founding. That building was replaced in 1889 as a&amp;nbsp;Romanesque Revival&amp;nbsp;structure by&amp;nbsp;George B. Post, which was erected while operations at the&amp;nbsp;Times&amp;nbsp;proceeded in the old quarters. 41 Park Row was the home of the&amp;nbsp;Times&amp;nbsp;until 1903, when it moved to&amp;nbsp;One Times Square.&amp;nbsp;  

The facade also contains details such as&amp;nbsp;reliefs, moldings, and&amp;nbsp;colonettes.&amp;nbsp;  

41 Park Row, The New York Times Building (1858 - 1903) / Pace University

The second headquarters was developed after the Produce Exchange formed a committee to look for a new building site in early 1879.Ten architects were invited to an architectural design competition. Seven other architects submitted plans voluntarily. The committee suggested a design entitled In me mea spes omnis, by George B. Post. The committee selected four submissions for further review, which were hung on the trading floor's walls without any names. Post's plan won with 942 vs 249 (combined).The designs were required to include features such as ground-floor stores and offices, as well as a trading floor with space for 3,000 members. The Bowling Green headquarters was the world's first building with a superstructure combining wrought iron and masonry.The colossal Beaux Arts masterpiece was built in red brick and terracotta (chosen because the materials were seen as fireproof), with vast arcades and Florentine touches. Granite was used on the ground-floor entrance terrace and the cellar walls. It featured an elongated skylight looking down on the main trading floor, restaurants, a library, and offices. As a whole, the exterior was designed to appear low to the ground, with this quality being emphasized by strong horizontal lines. Post's design had a frontage of about 312 feet to the west on Bowling Green, 150 feet to the north on Beaver Street, and 148 feet to the south on Stone Street. Overall, the building covered an area of 53,779 square feet. The upper floors wrapped around a "light court" that was in the center of the building above the third-story trading floor. A clock tower on the southeastern corner of the site, measuring 40 by 70 feet, was added as part of a modification to the design. The building was about 120 feet tall above its main roof and 225 feet above its clock tower. Ultimately, Post devised 4,000 drawings for the exchange's headquarters. On the eastern side, a projecting terrace on New Street led to an entrance without columns. When the building was completed, it was described as having "12,000,000 bricks, 15 miles of iron girders, 1+3&frasl;4 miles of columns, 2,061 tons of terracotta, 7+1&frasl;2 of flooring, more than 2,000 windows, and nearly 1,000 doors".

With the onset of World War II, business at the Produce Exchange declined because the United States government controlled all cargo, making it unnecessary for steamship lines to have representatives at the exchange. Around the same time, the Produce Exchange again contemplated redeveloping its building. The Produce Exchange had approximately five hundred members in the 1950s, one-sixth the membership at its 19th-century peak.The site was leased in October 1953 to developers Jack D. Weiler and Benjamin H. Swig for up to 100 years. The developers planned to construct a 30-story building at 2 Broadway, on the Produce Exchange Building's site. After the original plan failed, the Produce Exchange negotiated with the Charles F. Noyes Company, which took over the development project in 1956.

A commodities exchange headquartered in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It served a network of produce and commodities dealers across the United States. Founded in 1861 as the New York Commercial Association, it was originally headquartered at Whitehall Street in a building owned by the New York Produce Exchange Company. The Association was renamed the New York Produce Exchange in 1868 and took over the original building in 1872.

At Bowling Green

New York Produce Exchange

While many skyscrapers were made taller by pointed roofs or cupolas, George B. Post’s St. Paul Building reached its lofty height with a flat roof. Its neoclassical style, with its many-layered rows of columns, was consistent with older neighboring buildings.<a href="https://culturenow.org/people/the-skyscraper-museum?name=The_Skyscraper_Museum">[1]</a>&nbsp;

St. Paul Building

While Post had taken his inspiration for the design of his Cornelius Vanderbilt II mansion from Hunt’s earlier chateauesque designs, his final design for the Mills Building seems to owe more to Snook’s William H. Vanderbilt&nbsp;palazzo.&nbsp;&nbsp;In the final ten-story, 156′ high design of what can be considered to be the first large office building of the 1880s, Post completely abandoned his original ornate roofline, in favor of the overall box-like,&nbsp;palazzo&nbsp;form of the Shillito’s store.&nbsp;&nbsp;He conversely reverted to the standard paired window and colossal Classical pilaster language of his office buildings of the 1870s, to arrange the elevation into a two-story stone base with the upper eight floors articulated into a 2:3:2:attic rhythm.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As he had done in the Western Union building, Post tried to make a transition in the second layer by alternating layers of the base’s brownstone with layers of red brick from the upper four floors that were sheathed in red brick and terra cotta (provided by Loring’s Chicago Terra Cotta).&nbsp;&nbsp;It had the result of once again imparting an unnecessary busyness to that area of the building’s façade.&nbsp;&nbsp;As in the Shillito’s Building, there were no arches in the facade of the Mills Building, except for the triumphal arched entry.&nbsp;&nbsp;The Mills Building was another early example of a non-romantic, rational composition of a multistory façade (with applied Classical details).

Mills Building

 Hearst Tower revives a dream from the 1920s, when William Randolph Hearst envisioned Columbus Circle as a vibrant media and entertainment quarter. Hearst commissioned a skyscraper on 8th Ave., but construction ended because of the Depression. The current Hearst Tower's distinctive faceted silhouette rises dramatically above the already-completed 1928 base of Joseph Urban's planned building, with a vast internal plaza occupying the entire shell of the historic base. Designed to consume significantly less energy than a conventional office building, the new 42-story tower provides almost one million square feet of office space. It rises above the old building, linked on the outside by a transparent skirt of glazing that floods the spaces below with natural light. 

Hearst Tower

Brandon Haw, from Foster and Partners, discusses the construction of the Hearst Tower.

Across from the Meal Market, where enslaved workers could be hired or bought, was the Tontine Coffee House, home of the New York Stock Exchange. Powerbrokers of the day met in a room there to buy, sell, and trade. As soon as a ship’s captain reached the harbor, this is where he came to register his cargo. The goods coming into New York in the 1790s included coffee, tea, sugar and molasses, fine furniture, cloth, cotton, and enslaved men, women, and children.The companies that insured, outfitted, and owned the boats used to carry Africans from their homelands to enslavement often traded on the stock market. The slave trade was big business and New Yorkers made huge profits from it long after slavery was made illegal in the state. The first and last New York slave trader to be executed was caught in April 1861, as the first shots of the Civil War were fired.The New York Stock Exchange has roots that go back to a spring day in 1792, when a group of 24 men met outside 68 Wall Street in the shade of a huge sycamore tree that locals called a buttonwood. They set down the rules they would trade by and called it the Buttonwood Agreement. Later that year, trading moved into a room on the second floor of the Tontine Coffee House, where it remained until 1817.

A group of NY brokers formally establish the New York Stock and Exchange Board, an organization that later will be renamed the NewYork Stock Exchange (N.Y.S.E.). formalized and established its first quarters in a rented room at 40 Wall St. The exchange grew into the largest in the world of companies listed with a capitalization of over $30 trillion. Technology changed as inventions such as the telegraph, stock ticker, and computers transformed stock trading from the physical exchange of documents between specialist brokers on the trading floor to an electronic platform.

The first New York Stock Exchange building was completed in 1865. About 15 years later, James Renwick expanded the building.

The structure was in turn demolished to make way for Emily Post's architect father George Post's Beaux Arts Style building. The exchange is now owned by ICE, a holding company based in Atlanta.The central third of the block contains the original structure at 18 Broad Street, designed in the neoclassical style by George B. Post.The northern third contains a 23-story office annex at 11 Wall Street, designed by Trowbridge &amp; Livingston in a similar style.

Atlanta-based Intercontinental Exchange purchased the New York Stock Exchange for $8.2 billion.

Slave ships were registered here and a value was assigned to the Africans on board.Creator: Francis Guy

New York Stock Exchange

Architect George B. Post, one of the preeminent American architects of his time, is known not only for the exceptional quality of his many buildings but also for his contributions to both the technology and the practice of architecture. Acknowledged in his lifetime as the "father of the tall building in New York," Post designed a great number of buildings in a variety of types (hospitals, banks, city and country houses, in addition to commercial skyscrapers); his command of the latest developments in technology, planning, and style was evident throughout his long career; and his multifaceted practice continues to serve as a model for the profession.<a href="https://culturenow.org/people/28b0d9cd-84b4-4bdd-9671-072b738c4c97?name=Sarah_B._Landau">[1]</a>&nbsp;

Nelson's Biographical Cyclopedia of New Jersey, Volume II, 1913, pages 736–737

George B. Post

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