For much of its early history, Tammany Hall excluded Irish and German New Yorkers, sparking unrest such as the 1817 riot at a Tammany meeting. After voting reforms in 1821, immigrant inclusion became politically necessary, and Tammany increasingly relied on Irish support.Following the Great Famine, more than 130,000 Irish immigrants arrived in New York in the 1840s. By 1855, they made up over a third of the city’s voters. Tammany Hall secured their loyalty by providing jobs, legal aid, food, housing, and help with citizenship, trading social support for votes.This alliance propelled Tammany to political dominance, beginning with the election of Mayor Fernando Wood in 1854 and lasting until the reform era under Fiorello La Guardia.