During the economic crisis of 1893, Emma Goldman urged unemployed workers to take direct action, delivering fiery speeches, that led to her arrest for inciting a riot. Refusing to inform on fellow radicals, she served ten months in prison, where she studied nursing and read widely. After her release, Goldman traveled to Europe for further medical training, earning midwifery diplomas. She returned to the U.S. to lecture and practice midwifery, eventually organizing the 1900 International Anarchist Congress in Paris with Czech anarchist Hippolyte Havel, who later joined her in Chicago.
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